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Optimal Design and Fabrication of a 2 kW Brushless DC (BLDC) Motor with Reduced Torque Ripple for Light Electric Vehicles

Design, optimization, and prototyping of a 2 kW BLDC motor (48 V, 3,000 rpm, 12 poles/36 slots) for light electric vehicle applications, with the objective of reducing torque ripple from 18% to below 6%, while limiting the reduction in average torque to no more than 10% and achieving an efficiency of ≥85%.

Kangan Petro Refining Company2026
Overview
  1. 1

    The challenge

    Simultaneous optimization of three parameters—magnet geometry, skew angle, and winding configuration—without an undesirable reduction in torque; accurate FEM simulation of harmonic interactions; fabrication of skewed magnets and distributed windings using advanced equipment; and precise measurement of instantaneous torque ripple during dynamometer testing.

  2. 2

    Our approach

    Systematic literature review, analytical design, 2D modeling in ANSYS Maxwell, optimization using the Taguchi method (27 simulations for three variables at three levels) and sensitivity analysis, prototype fabrication, experimental testing (Back-EMF, resistance, inductance, and torque measurement using a 5 kW dynamometer), and validation against simulation results.

  3. 3

    The result

    FEM models of the baseline and optimized motor designs, complete CAD drawings, an assembled prototype, test reports and validation curves, a manufacturing process manual, and design documentation for transfer to production.

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Optimal Design and Fabrication of a 2 kW Brushless DC (BLDC) Motor with Reduced Torque Ripple for Light Electric Vehicles | Novaco